Randolph County was created by an act of the Alabama General Assembly on 18 Dec. 1832, from former Creek Indian territory. It is located in the eastern-central part of the state, in the Piedmont plateau. It encompasses 585 square miles.

The county is named for John Randolph, a former Virginia statesman. The county seat was established in Wedowee in 1834-35. Other towns of note include Roanoke, Rock Mills and Wadley.