Chambers County was created by an act of the Alabama General Assembly on 1832 Dec. 18, from former Creek Indian territory. It is located in the east-central portion of the state, and is bounded on the east by the Chattahoochee River. Chambers County encompasses 596 square miles.

The county is named for Henry Chambers, a U.S. Senator from Alabama (1825-26). The location of the county seat was selected in 1833 and the town of LaFayette was built specifically for that purpose. The county became a center of the state's textile industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Other towns of note include Valley and Lanett.